Comparison in Various Bioactive Compounds of Leaves and Seeds of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.

Medicinal plants a gift of nature are being used against various infections and diseases in the subcontinent since past history. Herbs were use as food ( vegetables ) and flavors for hundred of years in many parts of world. Whereas number of herbs have also been traditionally regarded as natural remedies for common ailments of human population. Furthermore some herbal plants are considered as house of medicines and played an important role in nearly every culture on earth, including Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. A study was conducted to analyze the Leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for different bioactive compounds those includes saponins , total proteins, amino acids, fat and flavonoids with one and two dimensional thin layer and column chromatography followed by spectrophotometric analysis. Results indicates that leaves contained higher concentration of flavonoids and fat. Where as level of Saponins, proteins, amino acids, total minerals and other organic compounds was high in seeds. The analysis of leave and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for these valuable organic compounds will provide important raw materials that can be used for preparation of medicines in Pharmaceuticals companies. Furthermore interest of people in plant made medicines are increasing due to their concern about the side effects of powerful synthetic drugs and high prices of these medicines. It is expected that raw material obtained from plants will not only reduce the prices of medicines in the pharmaceutical market but also provide rapid and reliable system of treatment of various infection and disease of human populatio

Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources based microgrids

Adaptation of renewable energy is inevitable. The idea of microgrid offers integration of renewable energy sources with conventional power generation sources. In this research, an operative approach was proposed for microgrids comprising of four different power generation sources. The microgrid is a way that mixes energy locally and empowers the end-users to add useful power to the network. IEEE-14 bus system-based microgrid was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the optimal power flow. Two cases of battery charging and discharging were also simulated to evaluate its realization. The solution of power flow analysis was obtained from the Newton–Raphson method and particle swarm optimization method. A comparison was drawn between these methods for the proposed model of the microgrid on the basis of transmission line losses and voltage profile. Transmission line losses are reduced to about 17% in the case of battery charging and 19 to 20% in the case of battery discharging when system was analyzed with the particle swarm optimization. Particle swarm optimization was found more promising for the deliverance of optimal power flow in the renewable energy sources-based microgrid

Effectiveness of Grade 1 and 2 Joint Mobilizations with Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) in Comparison with NSAIDS alone in Pain Management of Knee Osteoarthritis

To analyze the effectiveness of Grade 1 and 2 joint mobilizations with NSAIDS in comparison with NSAIDS alone in pain management of knee osteoarthritis.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial patients with knee osteoarthritis (n=50) were divided into two groups, 25 patients in each group. Control group received diclofenac salt 50mg in twice daily dose along with quadriceps and knee joint exercises, while experimental group received knee joint mobilizations grade 1 and 2 in addition to the diclofenac salt 50mg twice daily dose and quadriceps and knee joint exercises. Main outcome was moderate, good or excellent control of pain with the intervention. Among secondary parameters were the effect on pain intensity, quality of life, and functionality.Grades of mobilizations used are defined as per Kaltenborn.Results: At the end of six weeks the knee pain with activities improved in the experimental group (mean7.44) compared to control group (mean 11.28) and pain with physical function also showed improvement in experimental (mean 25.84) as compared to control (mean 36.28). The stiffness also showed better mean values in the experimental (mean 2.08) to control (Mean 3.12). Visual analog scale readings also showed improvement in experimental group (mean 5.12) compared to control (mean 6.84).Conclusions: Grade 1 and 2 manual knee joint mobilizations in combination with diclofenac salt are more effective than diclofenac salt alone. Emphasis of this therapy should be given to reduce knee joint pain, stiffness and improvement in physical function on various activities

4-Phenyl­semicarbazide

The title compound, C7H9N3O, crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules per asymmetric unit. The structure is stabilized by four distinct inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Four intra­molecular inter­actions of the N—H⋯N and C—H⋯O types are also observed

4-Iodo­benzohydrazide

In the structure of the title compound, C7H7IN2O, the hydrazide group is inclined at 13.3 (3)° with respect to the benzene ring. The structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the hydrazide group, resulting in six- and ten-membered rings with R 2 2(6) and R 2 2(10) graph-set notations, respectively

2-Methoxy­benzohydrazide

The title compound, C8H10N2O2, crystallizes as two independent mol­ecules linked by N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a linear chain running along the a axis of the monoclinic unit cell. The intra- and inter­molecular hydrogen bonds are described as a two-ring R 2 2(10) motif. The six-membered R 1 1(6) rings formed by the intra­molecular inter­actions are almost planar (r.m.s. deviations 0.06 and 0.08 Å). In one mol­ecule, the aromatic and hydrogen-bonded rings are oriented at 4.8 (2)°, whereas in the other mol­ecule these rings are oriented at 6.1 (4)°

3-Chloro­benzohydrazide

In the title compound, C7H7ClN2O, the hydrazide group is inclined at a dihedral angle of 32.30 (11)° with respect to the benzene ring. The amino H atoms form inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the O atoms of two adjacent mol­ecules, resulting in 10-membered rings of graph-set motif R 2 2(10). The imino H atom is also involved in an inter­molecular hydrogen bond with an amino N atom of a symmetry-related mol­ecule, resulting in a zigzag chain along the b axis. The structure is further consolidated by an intra­molecular N—H⋯O inter­action, which results in a five-membered ring

Poly[[di-μ-aqua-(μ-4-formyl-2-meth­oxy­phenol­ato)disodium] 4-formyl-2-meth­oxy­phenolate]

In the title coordination polymer, {[Na2(C8H7O3)(H2O)4](C8H7O3)}n, all the non-H atoms except the water O atoms lie on a crystallographic mirror plane. One sodium cation is bonded to four water O atoms and one vanillinate O atom in a distorted square-based pyramidal arrangement; the other Na+ ion is six-coordinated by four water O atoms and two vanillinate O atoms in an irregular geometry. One of the vanillinate anions is directly bonded to two sodium ions, whilst the other only inter­acts with the polymeric network by way of hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, a two-dimensional polymeric array is formed; this is reinforced by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate R 2 1(6) and R 2 2(20) loops